miRNAs are 18-22 nucleotide long, evolutionarily conserved single-stranded RNA molecules that play a significant role in maintaining cellular identity and homeostasis (Bartel, 2004).
The complexities in gene regulation increased logarithmically following the identification of microRNAs (miRNAs).
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Much of the DNA that does not encode proteins has been shown to code for various types of functional RNAs that have important regulatory roles. In recent years, advances in genomic sequencing have led to several discoveries that can be considered exceptions to the central dogma of molecular biology. Keywords: competing endogenous RNAs, miRNAs ceRNAs, microRNAs, MREs, sponge effect, RNA-RNA crosstalk Decoding the crosstalk between MREs mediated by ceRNAs is critical to delineate the intricacies in gene regulation, and we have just begun to unravel this complexity. Thus MREs in coding and non-coding transcripts have evolved to become the crosstalk hubs of gene interactions, affecting the expression levels and activities of different ceRNAs. It is apparent that miRNAs act as rheostats that fine-tune gene expression and maintain the functional balance of various gene networks. ceRNAs are RNAs that share miRNA recognition elements (MREs) thereby regulating each other. Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) are the recent entrants adding to the complexities of miRNA mediated gene regulation. Subbaya Subramanian, Division of Basic and Transiationai Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Moos Tower 11-212, 515 Delaware Street S.E, MMC 195, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA e-maii: discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) has led to a paradigm shift in our basic understanding of gene regulation. Laura Poiiseno, Istituto Toscano Tumori, IFC-CNR, Italy ' Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USAĢĝivision of Basic and Translational Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USAģ Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Published: 30 January 2014 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00008Ĭompeting endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs): new entrants to the intricacies of gene regulation
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